In his book, “How Children Succeed,” Paul Tough explores the idea that success in life is not solely determined by one’s intelligence or socioeconomic status. Instead, it is the result of a combination of factors, including character traits such as perseverance, resilience, and grit. Through research and interviews with educators, parents, and students, Tough examines the importance of non-cognitive skills in the development of children and how they can be fostered in various settings.
Chapter 1: The Marshmallow Test
The first chapter of the book introduces the reader to the famous “marshmallow test,” which was conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the 1960s. The test involved offering young children a choice between receiving one marshmallow immediately or waiting for 15 minutes to receive two marshmallows. The children who were able to wait longer were found to have better outcomes later in life, including higher SAT scores and better health outcomes.
Chapter 2: The Theory of Plasticity
In this chapter, Tough discusses the concept of “plasticity,” which refers to the brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to experiences and environmental factors. This chapter also introduces the reader to the idea that non-cognitive skills can be developed through intentional effort and practice.
Chapter 3: The Schools That Succeed
This chapter explores the idea that schools can play a critical role in fostering non-cognitive skills in children. Tough profiles several schools that have implemented programs and practices designed to promote character development, including a high school in Chicago that requires students to complete a “personal and professional development” class.
Chapter 4: The Power of Words
In this chapter, Tough discusses the impact of language on children’s development and the importance of using positive language when talking to children. Research shows that children who are praised for their intelligence are more likely to become discouraged when faced with difficult tasks, while children who are praised for their effort are more likely to persevere.
Chapter 5: The Importance of Stress
This chapter explores the impact of stress on children’s development and the importance of teaching children how to manage stress. Tough profiles several programs that have been successful in teaching children stress management techniques, including a program in New York City that teaches mindfulness to elementary school students.
Chapter 6: The Importance of Relationships
In this chapter, Tough discusses the importance of relationships in children’s development and the impact of social support on non-cognitive skills. Research shows that children who have strong social support are more likely to have better outcomes in school and in life.
Conclusion
Overall, “How Children Succeed” provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of non-cognitive skills in children’s development and the ways in which they can be fostered in various settings. Through research and interviews with experts, Tough offers practical advice for parents, educators, and policymakers on how to promote character development in children. Whether you are a parent, teacher, or simply someone interested in the science of human development, “How Children Succeed” is a must-read.
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